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Following are some general diagrams of solar photovoltaic (PV) power systems and their typical uses. Solar PV power offers proven solutions for a very wide variety of applications.

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Directly Connected Systems
Utility Interactive Systems
Stand-Alone Systems
PV-Generator Hybrid Systems

 

Directly Connected Systems

Characteristics:

  • No battery storage
  • Load operates in sync with sunlight
  • Peak operation during summer and middle of day
  • Special inverter can add AC power, ``soft start", protection circuits.

Typical Applications:

  • Ventilation fans
  • Water pumping

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Stand-Alone Systems

Characteristics:

  • Battery storage allows operation at night, during bad weather
  • Charge regulator prevents battery overcharging, overdischarging
  • System controls can include circuit protection, remote monitoring
  • Inverter can add AC power, ``soft start", protection circuits.

Typical Applications:

  • Telecommunications, telemetry
  • Traffic signaling, monitoring
  • Outdoor lighting
  • RV/boat electric power
  • Lanterns
  • Remote homes, clinics, schools

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PV-Generator Hybrid Systems

Characteristics:

  • Generator plus rectifier allows battery charging for full energy availability in any climate during any season
  • Generator can be gasoline, propane, or diesel
  • ``AC Bus" allows direct AC power to loads from generator through transfer switch, while also recharging battery through rectifier
  • ``DC Bus" has all power flowing through battery (DC) avoiding complex transfer switching and any ``glitches" in AC power to loads

Typical Applications:

  • Large telecommunications stations
  • Village power
  • RV with generator

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Utility Interactive Systems

Characteristics:

  • Unused power from system during daylight is actively sent to utility power grid, giving the system a credit
  • Large grid support systems (100 kW-500 kW) and some distributed home systems send power directly to inverter and then to grid, and operate only when grid power is active (not during outages)
  • Utility independent systems utilize special ``bi-directional" inverter that can power dedicated circuits which remain energized even during utility power outages

Typical Applications:

  • Urban homes or businesses
  • Large utility grid support systems
  • Building-integrated / architectural pv systems

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